Shortly band it tool before World War II, Turing was recruited by the British Ministry of Defence t

, A small army of science fiction, band it tool scientists and artists, inspired by the rapid growth in computer predicted that in the 21st century people will live together with robots that are their equal in intelligence. Why did this not happen? Why are not thinking band it tool machines? To understand the answer to this question, we must go back a little.
The idea of a robot there for millennia. It inspired philosophers, inventors, engineers, mathematicians and visionaries. As early as 400 years BC, the Greek mathematician arch Tarentski wrote about the possibility to create a mechanical bird driven by steam. In the first century inventor Hero of Alexandria, developed the first simple automatic machines. 900 years ago, Al Dzhazari built the first practical automatic machines - water clock, band it tool kitchen utensils and musical instruments powered by water. In 1495, the great Renaissance painter and scientist - Leonardo band it tool da Vinci drew diagrams robot knight who could sit down, waving his hand and moved his jaws. According band it tool to historians, this is the first realistic design of a humanoid machine. First crude but functioning robot was built in 1738 by Jacobs in December Vaucanson. It creates an android band it tool that can play the flute and a small mechanical duck which can walk around the room after her coiled springs
The very word robot comes from the Czech play by Karl Capek 1920, the Czech importance of a robot, which means - labor. The word soon became band it tool synonymous name today when we hear a robot, band it tool what comes to mind is an intelligent human-machine.
Today, robots are everywhere, from factories to toys. But these are not machines that our ancestors imagined just programmed, unintelligent machines. Why is this so?
Unlike other areas of science, scientists are still very poorly understood laws of artificial intelligence, or what makes a mechanical system - thinking. Not yet born Newton artificial intelligence. While other sciences work with clear principles and mathematical laws, with a rich heritage of thousands of experiments and systematic research work, we have yet to look into the black box called the brain and is still trying to unravel the mysteries of the intellect.
One of the most influential personalities in the field of artificial band it tool intelligence is the great British mathematician Alan Turing. This is the man who laid the foundations of the entire computer revolution. Turing theorized simple machine consisting of only three components - input, central processing, and output. This machine is now known as the "Turing machine". It is designed band it tool to carry out the final set of consecutive band it tool operations. Based on it, Turing coined the first laws of computers and pinpoint their limitations. Today, all computers in the world are subject to these laws and the whole digital world owes much gratitude to Turing.
Turing also contributes to the formation of mathematical logic. In 1931 the Venetian mathematician Kurt Gödel rocked the world of mathematics, demonstrating that there are true solutions that can never be proven. An example of this is the assertion that any integer greater than two, may be expressed by the sum of two primes. This statement has not as yet been proven. Since the numbers range from zero to infinity is impossible to verify the numbers.
Godel's discovery has deep philosophical implications. It destroys the millennial dream of ancient Greek philosophers, it is possible to mathematically describe the world and to mathematically prove everything in the universe. It turns out that mathematics is incomplete science can not fully describe the natural world.
Turing contributed to this revolution by proving that it is impossible to determine whether a Turing machine, it would require an infinite number of times for the calculation of certain mathematical operations. If the computer he needs infinite time to compute a task, he came to a standstill in eternal calculations without band it tool being able to answer. Regardless band it tool how powerful computers, band it tool there are solutions in mathematics, which are incalculable and forever beyond the scope of a single computer. band it tool That is, there are situations in the natural world, which can not be estimated with the tools of classical mathematics.
Shortly band it tool before World War II, Turing was recruited by the British Ministry of Defence to work on a secret project that aims to solve the cipher machine "Enigma", by which the Nazis encrypt their messages. There, he created one of the first computers, called "bombe". With its help, Turing and his colleagues successfully decipher Nazi codes and save the lives of millions. At the end of the war, more than two hundred such machines band it tool work for the success of the Allies. After World War II, rather than deserved to be declared a hero of the war, the work of Turing and his colleagues remain long in secret.
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